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Vanja Ković: Skriveni tokovi komunikacije

Vanja Ković, Laboratorija za neurokogniciju i primenjenu kogniciju, vanredni profesor na Filozofskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Beogradu

Kada kažemo komunikacija, obično mislimo na verbalnu. Međutim, pisci, umetnici, filozofi, pesnici su nam odvajkada ukazivali na tajanstvene tokove komunikacije, i to i u međuljudskoj komunikaciji, i u prirodi (“Spajaće nas energija, energija naših srca, i bez žica i bez kabla”, Jova Zmaj Nikoli Tesli).

 

Tajanstvene veze o kojima je uglavnom metaforički pisano, danas dobijaju naučno utemeljenje. Tako je Suzan Simard ustanovila da drveće međusobno komunicira i to putem gljivičnih niti, tako da svako dobija upravo one hranjive sastojke koji su im najpotreniji (na sličan način kako je to dočarano u filmu Avatar). Takođe, u šumama postoji i matično drveće, i kada se ono poseče, strada svo drveće u njegovoj okoliki, a mladice ne mogu da se prime.

Vanja Ković

U svetu ljudske komunikacije, pored jezičke komunikacije, koju najveći broj istraživača stavlja u prvi plan i smatra osnovim vidom komunikacije, postoje i brojni drugi prirodni vidovi putem kojih ljudi komuniciraju koristeći se gestovima, položajem tela, izrazima lica, kontaktom očima, pokretima glave i tela. Takođe, komunikacija može biti namerna i nenamerna. Po Šetu i Gerkalu, u oba slučaja, pošiljalac i primalac poruke moraju imati zajednički kod. Razlika je u tome što u slučaju namerne komunikacije pošiljalac igra vodeću ulogu i nameće komunikaciju “prijemniku”, dok u slučaju nenamernog komunikacije, pošiljalac šalje poruku bez svesne namere da to učini. Ako pošiljalac i primalac imaju zajednički kod, poruka stiže do primaoca, bez obzira na volju pošiljaoca. Od ove dve vrste komunikacije, nenamerna je najosnovnija i primitivnija. To je evolutivno neophodno jer u društvenom životu pojedinci moraju da razumeju šta drugi rade, bez obzira na to da li oni drugi nameravaju da budu shvaćeni. Po ovim autorima, takođe, vrlo je verovatno da je svesna ili namerna komunikacija  evolutivno noviji način komunikacije.

 

Razvojni psiholog, Lav Vigotski opisuje načine i razvoj komunikacije kod dece. Na primer, kada se neki predmet nalazi blizu deteta, dete će ga dosegnuti rukom. Ali, kada se nalazi daleko od deteta, dete pruža svoju ruku prema predmetu. Jer, majka razume ovaj gest deteta i pritiče mu u pomoć, te ga dete koristi iznova i iznova, da bi se iz tih pokušaja vremenom razvili komunikativni gestovi. Međutim, tuđe radnje ne moraju da prenose namerne informacije posmatraču. A nevoljna komunikacija, iako manje zastupljena u istraživanjima, je fundamentalna za međuljudske odnose i u osnovi je društvenog života. Pitanje je koji mehanizam stoji u osnovi naše sposobnosti da razumemo (voljne i nevoljne) postupke drugih.

 

Marko Jakoboni, neuronaučnik sa Kalifornijskog univerziteta u Los Anđelesu, najpoznatiji je po svom radu na “mirror-ogledalo” neuronima, malom krugu ćelija u premotornom korteksu i inferiornom parijetalnom korteksu. Ono što ove ćelije čini toliko interesantnim je to što se aktiviraju i kada izvršimo određenu radnju, kao što je osmeh ili posezanje za šoljom, ali i kada posmatramo da neko drugi izvodi istu radnju. Poslednjih godina, Jakobini je  pokazao da neuroni ogledala mogu biti važan element društvene spoznaje i da defekti u sistemu “mirror” neurona mogu biti u osnovi raznih mentalnih poremećaja, kao što je autizam.

 

Naime, prilikom interakcije sa drugima, mi koristimo svoje telo da bismo saopštili svoje namere i svoja osećanja. Gestovi, izrazi lica, položaji tela koje pravimo su društveni signali, načini međusobnog komuniciranja. “Mirror” neuroni su jedine moždane ćelije za koje znamo da su specijalizovane za kodiranje akcija drugih ljudi, ali i naših sopstvenih akcija. Oni su očigledno bitne moždane ćelije za društvene interakcije. Bez njih, verovatno bismo bili slepi za postupke, namere i emocije drugih ljudi. Način na koji nam “mirror” neuroni verovatno omogućavaju da razumemo druge je obezbeđivanje neke vrste unutrašnje imitacije akcija drugih ljudi, što nas zauzvrat navodi da „simuliramo“ namere i emocije povezane sa tim radnjama. Kada vidimo drugoga kako se smeška, i naši “mirror” neuroni za osmeh se aktiviraju, pokrećući kaskadnu neuronsku aktivnost koja izaziva osećaj koji obično povezujemo sa osmehom. Na taj način nema potrebe da donosimo bilo kakav zaključak o tome šta drugi oseća, jer i sami doživljavamo odmah i bez napora (naravno u blažoj formi) ono što drugi doživljava.

 

U svetlu savremene komunikacije, Jakobini predlaže da bi trebalo da budemo pažljiviji u pogledu onoga što gledamo i ističe da postoje ubedljivi dokazi o ponašanju koji povezuju medijsko nasilje sa imitativnim nasiljem. “Mirror” neuroni pružaju verodostojan neurobiološki mehanizam koji objašnjava zašto izlaganje nasilju u sredini u kojoj funkcionišemo, ili u medijima, dovodi do imitativnog nasilja.

 

Sa druge strane, tajni vidovi komunikacije, postoje i unutar svakog od nas. Dvojica istraživača sa Oksforda i grupa istraživača iz Amerike su nedavno opisali i predstavili mapu srčanog nervog sistema. Naime, ustanovljeno je da srce leži na oko 40 hiljada neurona, te da su srčane funkcije i aktivnosti mnogo šire u odnosu na one koje mu je nauka do skora pripisivala. Naime, ako su tu neuroni, srce možda i da pamti, i da oseća. Takođe, iskustva su pokazala da transplantacija srca, kojom se produžava život nekom čoveku, ujedno u njega usađuje neke sklonosti, osobine i osećanja koje prethodno nije imao, kao i sećanje na događaje iz života onog čije je srce presađeno. Dakle, ideja da srce može da misli i da oseća, nije više samo metafora, jer, kako je pokazao Endrju Armor, jedan od pionira neurokardiologije, neuroni srca su identični neuronima mozga, sa istim neurotransmiterima. Po njemu, u našem srcu se nalazi mozak, koji je povezuje srce sa svim organima tela, a posebno je važna veza srca i mozga. Da dvosmerne veze između srca i mozga postoje, svedoči i podatak o tome da ljudi koji imaju sklonost ka kardio-vaskularnim problemima, često imaju i probleme poput Alchajmerove bolesti, jednog od najčešćih oblika demencije.

 

Svet komunikacije u okviru svakog od nas i između svakog od nas je bogat i misteriozan, a nauka ima potencijal da u izvesnoj meri otkriva i osvetljava te tajanstvene tokove. Nadam se da će ovaj kratak pregled, u novije vreme otkrivenih, skrivenih tokova komunikacije poslužiti kao podsticaj da i sebe, i ljude sa kojima stupamo u komunikaciju, bolje osluškujemo i bolje razumemo.

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